Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has received extensive attention due to its high sensitivity and selectivity. At present, the materials that can be used as SERS substrates are mainly noble metals. The surface plasmon resonance frequency of noble metal nanomaterials is generally in the visible light region, which has a high SERS enhancement factor. However, some problems of noble metal materials also limit their applications. People hope to design a more diverse SERS substrate suitable for a variety of detection molecules, and expect that, similar to metals, high enhancement effects can be achieved through the materials themselves. However, for most semiconductor materials, it is difficult to obtain the enhancement effect induced by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) within the wavelength range (visible region) of Raman excitation lasers, thus necessary to realize its SERS application through the modulation of SPR characteristics. Therefore, the physical enhancement research based on semiconductor itself, especially the synergistic enhancement mechanism of SPR effect, has received more attention. This review will focus on concluding various semiconductor SPR modulation methods, and showing the SERS applications based on semiconductor SPR in recent years.