30 April 2026, Volume 38 Issue 1
    

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  • Advances in Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Cultural Relic Materials
    Yao Mingyi, Zhang Hui
    Chinese Journal of Light Scattering. 2026, 38(1): 1-15. https://doi.org/10.13883/j.issn1004-5929.202601001
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save
    Precise analysis of cultural relic materials is crucial for the scientific conservation and research of cultural heritage. Cultural relics are precious and irreplaceable. To obtain as much information as possible about them, scientists and technicians specializing in cultural relics typically employ multiple detection and analysis methods. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technology has demonstrated significant potential in the field of analyzing cultural relic materials. SERS technology is particularly well-suited to this application due to its ultra-high sensitivity, molecular fingerprint identification capability, fluorescence quenching effect and minimally invasive/non-destructive testing advantages. This paper reviews the latest research progress and applications of SERS technology in analyzing cultural relic materials, focusing on four types of material: organic dyes, inorganic pigments, metal corrosion products and proteins. It provides detailed explanations of SERS substrate preparation, sample pretreatment and spectroscopic analysis methods. Research indicates that SERS technology will continue to provide strong technical support for the scientific understanding, verification of authenticity, and conservation and restoration of cultural heritage.
  • Component and Structural Analysis of Paper-Based Cultural Relics Based on Raman Spectroscopy Technology
    ZHENG Dongqing, ZHANG Gaoyuan, LU Gang, CHEN Jianqiu, SONG Yaqin,
    Chinese Journal of Light Scattering. 2026, 38(1): 16-28. https://doi.org/10.13883/j.issn1004-5929.202601002
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    Paper-based cultural relics are vital carriers of human civilization, yet they are susceptible to aging due to factors such as light exposure, insect damage, and mold. Their protection and restoration are of great significance, particularly the urgent demand for non-destructive analysis. Raman spectroscopy, with its advantages of non-destructive detection, high specificity, and micro-area analysis, has been widely applied in the study of paper-based cultural relics. This paper reviews its core applications across multiple aspects of paper-based cultural relics, summarizing and analyzing the current status of Raman spectroscopy in understanding paper raw material composition and manufacturing techniques, studying pigment components on paper, assessing the degradation degree of paper-based relics, and elucidating deterioration mechanisms. Meanwhile, with technological advancements, the integration of Raman spectroscopy with other techniques has further enriched its applications in paper-based cultural relics. Drawing on the literature, the article highlights current limitations of Raman spectroscopy, including insufficient databases, matrix interference, and low sensitivity, and proposes new development directions such as portable in-situ detection and dynamic monitoring, providing scientific support for the conservation of paper-based cultural relics.
  • Characterization of the Coloring Techniques of Roman Mosaic Glass Beads Using μ-XRF and μ-Raman
    DONG Junqing, HU Enping , XIAO Ting , LIU Song , SHEN Jing , LI Qinghui ,
    Chinese Journal of Light Scattering. 2026, 38(1): 29-38. https://doi.org/10.13883/j.issn1004-5929.202601003
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    A combination of microscopic X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (μ-XRF) and microscopic Raman spectroscopy (μ-Raman) was used to non-destructively analyze four Roman-period mosaic glass beads collected in the Iridescen Art Museum, Thailand. Specifically, μ-XRF was used for elemental mapping and quantitative analysis of the surface patterns and matrix of the glass, while μ-Raman was applied to identify the microcrystals of compounds dispersed in the opaque regions of the glass beads. This study revealed the elemental and phase composition, distribution characteristics, colorants, and opacifiers in the different colored regions of the glass beads. All the beads were made from natron soda-lime-silica glass. The opaque yellow regions were primarily associated with Pb and Sb, with lead antimonate (Naples yellow, Pb2Sb2O7) serving as the main colorant/opacifier. The opaque white regions were mainly related to Ca and Sb, with calcium antimonate compounds (orthorhombic Ca 2Sb 2O 7 and hexagonal CaSb 2O 6) acting as the primary colorants/opacifiers. The black regions were associated with Mn, while the transparent to semi-transparent blue and green regions were linked to Cu. The red regions were related to Pb and Cu, without distinct crystals detected, indicating that metal ions functioned as the main colorants. The combination of the two non-destructive micro-techniques enabled comprehensive identification and characterization of the content and distribution features of key elements related to color in the glass phase and crystal phase of these glass beads. This study contributes to the understanding of Roman glass bead coloration techniques and, furthermore, offers valuable insights for the non-destructive analysis and scientific conservation of cultural heritage.
  • A Study on Common Characteristics and Classification of Ancient Chinese Jades
    WANG Yunpeng, LIU Fangzhi , YU Han , WU Haoze , WANG Yongbo , MA Qinglin
    Chinese Journal of Light Scattering. 2026, 38(1): 39-53. https://doi.org/10.13883/j.issn1004-5929.202601004
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    The criteria for classifying jade in ancient times differed significantly from those employed in the contemporary era. The methods that ancient peoples utilized to identify jade represent a critical area of study for modern archaeologists. When irradiated with a 785 nm laser via a laser confocal micro-Raman spectrometer, ancient jade specimens displayed a hump-shaped fluorescence background in their Raman spectra. This type of fluorescence arises from the formation of conjugated carbonyl (C=O) within the organic matter present in the jade. Rocky jade, organic jade, freshly mined nephrite, jadeite, Green jade, Dushan jade, Lantian jade, Chinese white jade, mica, talc, southern red agate, turquoise, lapis lazuli, and other common ancient jades all exhibit hump-shaped fluorescence backgrounds in their Raman spectra when heated, indicating the presence of organic matter within the jade. Analysis of crystal-enclosed organic matter extracted from freshly mined jade using a pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) analyzer revealed that it primarily consisted of various carboxylic salts. There are two potential sources of organic matter within jade: one originates from the sedimentary organic matter in mudstone or carbonate rocks, and the other comes from metal-organic complexes in hydrothermal fluids. By analyzing the common characteristics of various jade varieties, this research concludes that most types of jade recognized in antiquity typically contain organic components, which give them an organic luster (The luster of jade). Drawing from references in texts such as the ShuowenJiezi and other scholarly works, jade can be systematically categorized into six classifications: “Jade, Beauty of Stone,” “Stones Marginally Inferior to Jade,” “Stones Resembling Jade,” “Aesthetic Stones,” “Shells and Clams,” and “Western Region Stones.”
  • Scientific Analysis of a Hindustan-style Oval Jade Box with Gold Wire Inlay
    YAN Defu, YANG Qin, MOU Wei
    Chinese Journal of Light Scattering. 2026, 38(1): 54-60. https://doi.org/10.13883/j.issn1004-5929.202601005
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    This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of the material composition and decorative techniques of a Hindustan-style oval jade box with gold wire inlay, utilizing a multi-analytical approach including UV-induced visible luminescence imaging, X-ray radiography, open-area micro-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results indicate that the nephrite material of the box belongs to the tremolite-actinolite series, with uniformly thin walls and lotus patterns decorated on its surface. The distinctive inlay decoration was initially created by embedding gold dusts into grooves carved with a wheel tool, with subsequent restoration measures involving the application of gold dusts and the adhesion of gold wires. This research provides a scientific basis for understanding the material attributes, technical origins, restoration history, and conservation practices related to Hindustan-style jade artifacts.
  • A Study on the Identification of Jade and Stone Artifacts of the Chongqing Daxi Culture Based on Raman Spectroscopy Analysis
    ZHAO Wenhua, FANG Ting, BAI Jiujiang, DAI Yubiao, YE Lin, YANG Mingxing,
    Chinese Journal of Light Scattering. 2026, 38(1): 61-68. https://doi.org/10.13883/j.issn1004-5929.202601006
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    Research on jade artifacts from the Neolithic period has become a major focus in archaeological and material culture studies, owing to their crucial value in exploring processes of social complexity, interregional resource exchange, and the evolution of early crafting technologies. The jade, stone, and shell ornaments unearthed from Daxi Culture sites constitute an important component of its material assemblage, and their material composition, resource procurement, and technological choices are essential for understanding the technological system and cultural interaction networks of prehistoric societies. In this study, Raman spectroscopy was employed to perform non-destructive material identification on 29 jade artifacts unearthed from the Daxi and Dashuitian sites. The results reveal a diverse combination of materials, including marble, serpentine, quartzite jade, turquoise, malachite, black talc, jet, and shell. These findings indicate that the ornaments are not confined to the narrow definition of “jade artifacts” but instead exhibit a multi-material structure dominated by locally available carbonate and silicate rocks, supplemented by non-local minerals and organic materials. By integrating spectral characteristics, microscopic features, and archaeological typology, this study further investigates the variability in resource selection, manufacturing techniques, and aesthetic preferences within the Daxi Culture, and interprets material combinations in relation to regional exchange systems and technological traditions. The results demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy provides irreplaceable advantages in distinguishing compositionally similar minerals and detecting low-concentration impurities, thereby offering a refined analytical approach for the systematic study of prehistoric jade and related ornaments.
  • Characterization and Identification of Excavated Jade Artifacts by Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy
    FANG Ting, YANG Mingxing,
    Chinese Journal of Light Scattering. 2026, 38(1): 69-77. https://doi.org/10.13883/j.issn1004-5929.202601007
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    Jade has held a unique position in ancient Chinese culture and archaeological research. Nephrite jade and turquoise unearthed from archaeological contexts were central components of the ritual and decorative systems in the early stages of Chinese civilization. Infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy, as non-destructive analytical techniques, play a crucial role in the material identification of excavated jade artifacts. This study applies both methods to characterize the mineral composition of nephrite jade and turquoise artifacts unearthed from sites such as Jiahu, Daxi, Panlongcheng, Guojiamiao, Guozishan, Xuewei No. 1, and the Tomb of Prince Liangzhuang. The results indicate that nephrite jade exhibits diagnostic absorption peaks at 467 cm-1 and 994 cm-1, allowing clear differentiation from quartzite, talc, and marble; turquoise shows characteristic phosphate-group peaks at 840 cm-1 and 650 cm-1, distinct from malachite, mica, and glass imitations. Even for heavily weathered or corroded samples, these spectroscopic techniques successfully identified the principal mineral components, demonstrating their reliability and efficiency in cultural heritage analysis. Nevertheless, several methodological limitations remain—such as fluorescence interference, surface encrustation, sample heterogeneity, and point-selection bias—which may affect data accuracy. This study summarizes these challenges and discusses possible strategies, including multi-spot sampling, signal enhancement, and combined multi-spectral analysis, to improve analytical precision. The findings highlight not only the advantages but also the technical challenges of spectroscopic methods in jade identification, offering methodological insights for developing a high-accuracy, non-destructive testing system in archaeological material studies. This research highlights the methodological value of infrared and Raman spectroscopy in the study of excavated nephrite jade and turquoise artifacts. It also underscores the ongoing interdisciplinary contributions of Gemmological Institute’s Team at China University of Geosciences (Wuhan). The findings advance the scientific study of jade material identification—particularly for nephrite jade and turquoise—and provide valuable insights for cultural heritage conservation and the study of early inter-civilizational interactions.
  • Exploring a Non-Destructive Raman Spectroscopy-Based Method for Assessing the Preservation State of Marine-Recovered Ceramics
    TANG Yiju, WU Jinxian, LUO Wugan
    Chinese Journal of Light Scattering. 2026, 38(1): 78-89. https://doi.org/10.13883/j.issn1004-5929.202601008
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    Marine-recovered ceramic artefacts are subjected to long-term burial in complex environments, where the combined effects of physical, chemical and biological factors commonly induce various forms and degrees of deterioration in both glaze and body. Such damage may continue to evolve after recovery under changing environmental conditions, posing persistent risks to long-term preservation. Scientific assessment of the different pathological states on ceramic surfaces is therefore essential for informing targeted conservation strategies and intervention measures. However, current evaluations largely rely on visual inspection or destructive sampling-based analyses; the associated criteria are highly subjective, exhibit limited reproducibility, and lack a quantitative basis, making them inadequate for supporting refined conservation decisions. In this context, the present study takes ceramics recovered from the Nanhai I shipwreck as the research object and establishes a non-destructive evaluation framework centered on Raman spectroscopy, complemented by surface roughness and gloss measurements. This approach aims to quantitatively characterize chemical alteration and structural evolution within the glaze layer. A spectral parameter with the highest discriminatory power for preservation state is identified, providing a new technical pathway for the objective assessment and scientific conservation of marine-recovered ceramic artefacts.
  • Spectral Analysis on the Glaze and Pigments of Qing Dynasty Famille-Rose Porcelain
    WANG Yang
    Chinese Journal of Light Scattering. 2026, 38(1): 90-97. https://doi.org/10.13883/j.issn1004-5929.202601009
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    As an important category of overglaze porcelain, scientific research on famille rose porcelain is of great value for revealing its craftsmanship and developmental history. This study employed non-destructive analysis techniques, including three-dimensional video microscopy (OM), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), and micro-Raman spectroscopy (Micro-Raman), to examine seven fragments from three pieces of Qing Dynasty famille rose porcelain. The results indicate that the coloring agent for red is iron red, for yellow is lead-tin yellow type II, for green is a copper compound, for blue is a cobalt compound, for pink is an iron compound, for purple is gold-based purple, and for black is carbon black. The gilding decoration was achieved using finely ground gold powder as the pigment. Microscopic morphology and elemental distribution reveal that the high lead content in the red and white floral sections originates from three-dimensional rendering through secondary glazing. The low lead content in the gilded, red, and black sections indicates direct application over the colored glaze, with noticeable granular texture. A comparative study demonstrates consistency in pigment formulation and application techniques among the three pieces of famille rose porcelain, providing new scientific evidence for the standardized production practices of Qing Dynasty famille rose porcelain.
  • Investigation on the Composition and Formation Mechanism of Crystalline Salts on the Surface of a Han Dynasty Green-glazed Pottery Pig Artifact
    LEI Jing, XU Yunyan, WANG Keqing,
    Chinese Journal of Light Scattering. 2026, 38(1): 98-105. https://doi.org/10.13883/j.issn1004-5929.202601010
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    This study comprehensively employs various advanced detection techniques, including ultra-depth-of-field microscopy (OM), field emission scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Fourier transform microscopic infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy (Raman), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), to conduct morphological observation and compositional analysis of the white crystalline salts on the surface of a Han Dynasty green-glazed pottery pig. The results reveal that the white crystalline salts exhibit two morphological characteristics: granular clusters and fibrous bundles. Their primary component has been identified as an organic acid salt Ca(CH 3COO)(HCOO)·H 2O. Further analysis indicates that the formation of this organic acid salt may by chemical reactions between acidic vapors (e.g., formic or acetic acid) released either from adhesives used in historical conservation treatments or wooden materials in the storage environment and free calcium ions (Ca2+) on the glazed pottery substrate. This acidic corrosion salt accumulates in areas such as the teeth and eyes of the pottery pig, posing a potential threat to its long-term stable preservation. It is recommended that desalination treatments be performed before storage in an acid-free environment.
  • X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) Analysis of Pottery Unearthed from the Xueshan Site, Beijing
    ZHANG Mengtong, , WANG Tao, YU Jincheng
    Chinese Journal of Light Scattering. 2026, 38(1): 106-113. https://doi.org/10.13883/j.issn1004-5929.202601011
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    Using X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) techniques, this study investigates the chemical composition of Neolithic pottery remains unearthed at the Xueshan site in Changping, Beijing. The results show that pottery from both Xueshan Phase I and Phase II culture was mainly produced with common fusible clays, with partial use of high-magnesium fusible clays, while the white pottery of Phase II was made from high-alumina refractory clay. Coarse-paste pottery and fine-paste pottery from both phases display similar chemical characteristics, whereas talc-tempered pottery differs significantly, likely due to specific treatments of the clay. Most pottery from the site is reddish-brown in color, attributable to the relatively high iron content in the clay bodies, while the black decorations of Phase II pottery were primarily derived from manganese-iron minerals. These findings contribute to understanding resource utilization and raw material selection strategies of Neolithic communities in the Beijing region.
  • In-Situ Non-Destructive Analysis of Inorganic Contaminants on Organic Heritage using Time-Gated Raman Spectroscopy
    WANG Ran, ZHAO Weiguang, CHEN Meixun , LI Jiang, LI Luxi
    Chinese Journal of Light Scattering. 2026, 38(1): 114-119. https://doi.org/10.13883/j.issn1004-5929.202601012
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    Analysis of surface inorganic pollutants is one of the key aspects in the protection and research of organic cultural relics. Raman testing is a method capable of in - situ and non - destructive detection of organic and inorganic substances. However, the strong fluorescence background severely restricts the application of conventional Raman techniques. In this paper, a time - gated Raman system with a 532 nm excitation light source was used, and the fallen fragments of leather cultural relics were taken as the research object. Through the optimization study of laser power and time - gate delay parameters, efficient detection of such samples was achieved. The experimental results show that the safe power threshold for this cultural relic sample is 11.17 mW of excitation power. By scanning the time domain, it was found that when the delay reaches 6.83 ns, the Raman spectrum with the best signal-to -noise ratio can be obtained, and the fluorescence background can be suppressed. As a result, the components of various pollutants on the surface of the leather cultural relic fragments, such as gypsum, titanium dioxide, calcite, hematite, and carbon black, were successfully identified. Therefore, through the time- gated Raman technology, by taking advantage of the essential difference in lifetime between Raman signals and fluorescence, highly specific, non-destructive in-situ analysis of inorganic pollutants on the surface of organic cultural relics can be realized, providing an effective technical approach to solve the long-standing fluorescence interference problem in this field.
  • A Preliminary Study of Pigments in the Murals of Yulin Grottoes from the Mid-Period of Cao family’s Guiyi Circuit: A Case Study of Caves 33, 34 and 35
    CUI Qiang, SUN Manli, SHAN Zhongwei, SHUI Biwen, LI Ping, FENG Yaqi, ZHANG Wenyuan, YU Zongren
    Chinese Journal of Light Scattering. 2026, 38(1): 120-131. https://doi.org/10.13883/j.issn1004-5929.202601013
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    The Dunhuang art of the Cao family’s Guiyi Circuit period, inheriting the artistic legacies of the mid-to-late Tang Dynasty and setting stylistic precedents for later polities (including the Xi Xia Dynasty and Uighur regimes), was a pivotal transitional stage in Dunhuang art history—bridging earlier and later traditions. Concurrently, its murals reflect the technical norms and contemporary features of the painting academy system. This study focuses on Caves 33, 34, and 35 of the Yulin Grottoes. By comprehensively utilizing techniques such as portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy, we systematically analyzed the phase composition of the pigments. Among these, Raman spectroscopy provided crucial fingerprint evidence for the accurate identification of various pigments. The analysis reveals that the red pigment is hematite; the green pigment belongs to the atacamite group of minerals; the blue pigment is lapis lazuli; the yellow pigments identified are orpiment and massicot; and the white base layers consist of calcite and anhydrite, respectively. Through the scientific analysis of mural pigments from the Guiyi Circuit period under the Cao family, this research provides empirical support for understanding the transitional phase of Dunhuang art, which " which inherited from the Tang Dynasty and initiated the Xia Dynasty," and offers a scientific basis for comprehending the origins and development of late Dunhuang art.
  • Analysis of Pigments and Research on Craftsmanship of the Murals in Dawang Temple of Yangqu, Shanxi
    HE Ziyi, YUN Yali, SHAO Huiqi, FAN Keke
    Chinese Journal of Light Scattering. 2026, 38(1): 132-140. https://doi.org/10.13883/j.issn1004-5929.202601014
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    Dawang Temple in Yangqu County, Shanxi Province, is a temple dedicated to Zhao Wu, the God of Rain. First constructed in the 3rd year of the Chenghua era of the Ming Dynasty, the temple now preserves 68.7 square meters of exquisite murals. These murals are categorized into three themes: The Departure for Rain Dispersion on the east wall, The Return to the Palace on the west wall, and Daily Life in the Rear Palace on the north wall. Rich in content, they hold precious historical, artistic, and scientific values.In this study, a combination of analytical methods—including cross-sectional microscopic analysis via metallographic microscope, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and Raman spectroscopy—was employed, together with field investigations, to analyze and discuss the pigments and production techniques of the Dawang Temple murals.The analytical results reveal that the murals take the temple brick wall as the support. The clay-based layer consists of a coarse mortar layer and a fine mortar layer; the thickness of the white powder layer ranges from 23 μm to 98 μm, while that of the pigment layer varies between 14 μm and 55 μm. A multi-layered mural with ground layer was discovered on the north wall. The pigments used in the murals include cinnabar, red lead, atacamite, litharge, iron oxide red, and titanium white. Among these, the application of cinnabar and red lead conforms to the traditional technique of "priming with red lead (zhangdan) and overlaying with vermilion (yinzhu)". Titanium white is a modern synthetic pigment. Therefore, it can be inferred that the murals underwent repainting in the modern period.This study obtains information regarding the stratigraphic structure, pigment composition, and painting techniques of the Dawang Temple murals. It lays a solid foundation for the protection and restoration of the murals and also provides new physical materials for the research on temple murals of the Ming Dynasty.
  • Analysis and Study on the Mural Materials in The Fifth Floor of the Old Building of Quanyechang, Tianjin
    China Academy of Cultural Heritage, Beijing, , China
    Chinese Journal of Light Scattering. 2026, 38(1): 141-151. https://doi.org/10.13883/j.issn1004-5929.202601015
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    Quanyechang in Tianjin City is a national key cultural relic protection unit. The murals on the columns and exterior walls of the Tianhuajing Theater, located on the fifth floor of the old building. These two murals fill the important gaps in the physical relics of Tianjin’s Republican era murals, and have extremely high historical, artistic, and scientific value. This study adopts a comprehensive technical approach combining microscopy analysis, scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis, Raman spectroscopy analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, and thermal decomposition gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to systematically explore its hierarchical structure and pigment composition. The results showed that there were differences in the painting techniques between the two murals. The column mural used the "contrasting" technique, while the exterior wall mural was painted in multiple layers and coated with gloss oil, which was composed of tung oil; At the same time, it was clarified that the geological strata are mainly composed of dolomite minerals; The base layer is lithopone white; The red pigment in the pigment section is lead lead, the black pigment is carbon black, the brown pigment is a mixture of iron red and plant carbon black, the blue pigment is Prussian blue, the green pigment is a combination of lead chrome yellow and Prussian blue, the yellow pigment is lead chrome yellow, the white pigment is calcium carbonate, and lead barium white is mixed in each pigment layer; The main components of the white pollutants covering the surface are talc and clinopyroxene. This study reveals the production process and material characteristics of Tianjin Quanyechang murals, providing important data support and theoretical basis for the scientific information preservation and subsequent protection of murals.
  • Scientific Analysis and Restoration of the No.3 Bronze Mythical Tree Unearthed from the Sanxingdui Site
    CAI Qiutong, GUO Jianbo, ZHENG Lu, GUO Hanzhong, YU Jian, ZHANG Yuefen
    Chinese Journal of Light Scattering. 2026, 38(1): 152-163. https://doi.org/10.13883/j.issn1004-5929.202601016
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    The No.3 Bronze Mythical Tree unearthed from the Sanxingdui Site has a complex structure and lots of components, making it an important material object for studying the bronze casting technology and religious concepts of the Sanxingdui civilization. When unearthed, the tree was broken into several sections, suffering from various damages such as corrosion, fragmentation, and deformation, resulting in an overall poor state of preservation. To clarify its material composition, manufacturing process and corrosion characteristics, systematic testing and analysis were conducted on the fragments before restoration in this study. The results show that the main body of the No.3 Bronze Tree is a copper-tin-lead ternary alloy, with copper content exceeding 85% in most tested points, but the alloy ratio varies in different parts. Residual gold foil decorations were found on the surface, with a gold-to-silver ratio of approximately 85:15. Metallographic analysis indicates that the tree was cast and underwent a heating process. The surface corrosion products are mainly cuprite, malachite and cerussite, while the light-blue patina is a mixture of amorphous tin oxide and stable corrosion products, which has a loose structure and is easy to fall off. During the conservation and restoration, challenges such as the large number of broken parts and complex connections were addressed through integrated methods including 3D scanning, copper strip binding, and internal-external supports, achieving precise reassembly and structural reinforcement. Additionally, digital virtual restoration techniques were employed to reconstruct the original appearance of the bronze tree. The study shows that the combination of technological methods and traditional restoration not only effectively improves the scientificity and reliability of restoration of bronze, but also provides a feasible model for the preservation of large-scale composite bronze artifacts.
  • Raman Spectroscopic Analysis of Corrosion Products on Bronze Weapons Unearthed at the Gaoquanshan Tombs in Miluo, Hunan Province
    WANG Ying , WEI Xingxing , FAN Xiaopan
    Chinese Journal of Light Scattering. 2026, 38(1): 164-172. https://doi.org/10.13883/j.issn1004-5929.202601017
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    To study the structure and composition of the corrosion products, and corrosion mechanisms, samples from 24 bronze weapons unearthed at the Gaoquanshan Tombs in Miluo, Hunan Province were analyzed by optical microscopy, Raman spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy. It also analyzed the pH value and anion concentration of the adhering soil with a pH meter and ion chromatograph. The results showed that these bronze weapons could be categorized into three types based on the corrosion degree of cross-sections: lightly corroded, moderately corroded and completely mineralized bronzes. Cuprite, cassiterite, and malachite were detected on all three types of bronze. Lead sulfate was primarily detected on moderately corroded and completely mineralized bronze, while cerussite was only detected on moderately corroded samples. The completely mineralized bronzes could be further subdivided into two subtypes: one exhibiting no distinct layering, featuring only cassiterite corrosion products; and another with clear layering and diverse corrosion products including cuprite, cassiterite, malachite, lead sulfate, azurite, brochantite, atacamite and clinoatacamite. Atacamite and clinoatacamite were detected on three fully mineralized bronzes, and their formation was associated with chloride ions present in the soil. The acidic soil, high temperatures and heavy rainfall have caused severe leaching of copper ions, resulting in extensive mineralization of these bronze weapons. It is indicated that while the alloy composition may influence the types of corrosion products, the burial environment plays a dominant role in governing the corrosion process and final corrosion product assemblage of bronze artifacts.
  • Formates, Acetates and Their Raman Spectroscopy in Cultural Relic Corrosion Products
    ZHANG Ran, , CHEN Ruoqi, XIN Jiayi
    Chinese Journal of Light Scattering. 2026, 38(1): 173-184. https://doi.org/10.13883/j.issn1004-5929.202601018
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    Organic acids such as formic acid and acetic acid are widely present in museum environments. They corrode cultural relics including metal, glass, calcareous materials, and oil paintings, generating corresponding corrosion products in the form of formates and acetates. Many of these products are rarely reported in other fields, and the identification of double salt products—characterized by complex compositions and structures—poses certain difficulties. Raman spectroscopy is an important method for identifying such corrosion products. This study systematically compiled the occurrence of 33 types of formates and acetates that have been found or may exist in cultural relics, and provided the Raman spectral data of these compounds. It thus offers a key scientific basis for the accurate identification of corrosion products on cultural relics, as well as for subsequent research on corrosion mechanisms and preservation technologies.
  • Raman Spectroscopy in the Analysis of a Qing Dynasty Gilt-Brass Buddhist Statue with Polychromy
    SHEN Yijia
    Chinese Journal of Light Scattering. 2026, 38(1): 185-196. https://doi.org/10.13883/j.issn1004-5929.202601019
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    Accumulation of depositing substances are often found on the surface of historically transmitted gilt-brass Buddhist statues, which has conventionally been attributed simply to dust or soot. In this study, Raman spectroscopy was employed for multi-point in situ non-destructive analysis of a painted Tibetan Buddhist gilt-brass statue from the Qing Dynasty. The analysis identified pigments such as carbon black, azurite, lead white, and cinnabar in the painted layers, while the depositing substances were found to contain cereal-based materials and yak ghee, probably originating from torma offerings used in Tibetan Buddhist rituals. Based on this diagnostic insight, subsequent cleaning was successfully carried out using an Nd:YAG 1064 nm laser. Furthermore, the study integrated analytical techniques including scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) to further investigate the specific composition of the depositing substances and the degradation pathways of the main materials. The multi-analytical strategy established here, guided by in-situ Raman analysis, provides a reliable framework for the scientific understanding and conservation intervention of the gilt-brass statues with similar condition.
  • Scientific Analysis of an Ancient Iron Buddha sculpture Based on Spectroscopic Techniques
    WU Yan, ZHOU Linlin , WANG Jianping,
    Chinese Journal of Light Scattering. 2026, 38(1): 197-208. https://doi.org/10.13883/j.issn1004-5929.202601020
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    The Buddhist stone sculptures unearthed from the Longxing Temple site in Qingzhou are renowned for their superb carving techniques and the remarkably well-preserved gilding and polychromy. In contrast, iron Buddhist statues are exceedingly rare due to their long burial history and the inherent difficulty of preserving iron artifacts; only four examples are currently known. Therefore, they hold exceptionally important research value and significance.In this study, multiple spectroscopic analytical instruments were employed to examine the corrosion products and metal substrate of one Northern Song–period iron Buddha statue excavated in Qingzhou. Metallographic observations, compositional analysis, and phase identification were conducted to investigate its manufacturing technology and corrosion mechanisms. The analytical results reveal that the statue was cast from eutectic white cast iron and was not forged, indicating that it was produced through a single-step mold-casting process. The corrosion products contain a low concentration of chloride ions. In addition to α-FeOOH, α-Fe 2O 3, Fe 3O 4, and substantial amounts of CaCO 3 and SiO 2,β-FeOOH was not detected. However, the presence of friable and unstable lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) was observed, which accelerates the corrosion of iron.By employing spectroscopic analytical techniques to determine the microstructure of the metal substrate and the composition of the corrosion products, and by considering the interactions among corrosion, the metal matrix, and the burial environment, this study further explores the causes of corrosion and establishes a deterioration model. These results provide a scientific foundation for developing appropriate conservation and restoration strategies and for guiding future preservation work.

  • Based on Multiple Analytical Techniques: Scientific Characterization of Mounting Textile Technology and Dyes of the “Imperial Approved Stone Classics Rubbings” ofthe Qianlong Period

    LI Luxi, CHENG Xiaolin, ZHANG Liuxin , ZHANG Yue , YANG Qin , ZHANG Yun , DING Xin
    Chinese Journal of Light Scattering. 2026, 38(1): 209-218. https://doi.org/10.13883/j.issn1004-5929.202601021
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    A combination of analytical techniques—including three-dimensional video microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, color difference analysis, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and ultra-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF MS)-was applied to comprehensively characterize the craftsmanship and dyes of the mounting textiles of the Qing-dynasty “Imperial Approved Stone Classics” from the National Museum of China. The results show that the material is silk, with two types of weaving structures identified: the case and cover exhibit a twill weave (categorized as ling), while the label features a plain weave (categorized as chou). The yellow dye was confirmed to be a combination of Sophora japonica buds and Phellodendron amurense bark. This study provides the first systematic clarification of the material composition and technical characteristics of the stone classics’ mounting, thereby filling a gap in its material research and offering key evidence for the scientific conservation of the artifact and for research on Qing court textile history.
  • Analysis of Materials and Techniques of the “Qianlong Period Hundred-Treasure Inlaid Rosewood Carved Treasure Box” Based on Multiple Technical Methods
    WANG Xilin, CHENG Xiaolin , LI Luxi, YANG Qin, XIA Xiumin, ZHANG Meng, TIAN Zhongyu
    Chinese Journal of Light Scattering. 2026, 38(1): 219-225. https://doi.org/10.13883/j.issn1004-5929.202601022
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    The “Qianlong Period Hundred-Treasure Inlaid Rosewood Carved Treasure Box” was severely damaged. To accurately identify its materials and techniques, a comprehensive analysis was conducted using multiple analytical methods such as ultraviolet-induced visible luminescence imaging, optical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. This study systematically analyzed the main body material, inlay materials, and types of adhesives used in the museum-collected treasure box, and further investigated its manufacturing techniques. The results indicate that the wooden body of the cultural relic is made of rosewood (Pterocarpus santalinus), and the inlay materials include ivory and nephrite. The inlay technique employed is the traditional “Hundred-Treasure Inlay” method, using wax-based adhesive as the inlay binder, while animal glue was used as the bonding medium for the main wooden structure. The combined use of multiple spectroscopic techniques confirmed the material and adhesive system of the artifact at the molecular level. On the basis of preserving the original information of the cultural relic to the greatest extent, this study systematically reconstructed the manufacturing materials and techniques of the artifact, deeply interpreted its historical value, and provided important historical basis and scientific data support for the study of manufacturing techniques and conservation practices of similar cultural relics.
  • A Study of Color Matching Method Research for Cultural Heritage Conservation Based on Photoelectric Spectrography and Computer Color Management
    LIU Xiaoqing, ZHANG Huan , WANG Yang, GAN Xinxin
    Chinese Journal of Light Scattering. 2026, 38(1): 226-231. https://doi.org/10.13883/j.issn1004-5929.202601023
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    raditional manual methods are inefficient and prone to errors in large-scale immovable ancient artefacts. Photoelectric spectrography shows great potential due to the precise measurement on spectral reflectance of object surfaces. Computer color management is capable to achieve digital color information for storage, simulated calculation and reproduction by creating color databases and models, which is beneficial to the consistency, stability and traceability of color data. The combination of the two methods is effective in accurate color matching and will provide strong support for the conservation and restoration of cultural heritage.
  • Spatially Resolved Raman Imaging of Microdroplets Using an Integrated Optical Tweezer - Confocal Microscopy Platform
    YIN Jiayi, ZHANG Xiaowu, HUANG Baokun, HUANG Qishen, LIU Pai, ZHANG Yunhong
    Chinese Journal of Light Scattering. 2026, 38(1): 232-239. https://doi.org/10.13883/j.issn1004-5929.202601024
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    Optical tweezer–confocal microscopy is an effective technique for observing the spatially resolved Raman spectra of individual suspended droplets. In this work, a compact, integrated optical tweezer–confocal micro-Raman system (Optwee 100) was custom-designed and constructed to investigate the intensity distribution of spontaneous and stimulated Raman signals within microdroplets. The stimulated Raman signals in microdroplets correspond to whispering gallery modes (WGMs) formed by the resonance of Raman signals at specific wavelengths inside the droplet cavity. These modes exhibit strong spatial resolution and narrow linewidths, making them high-quality targets for single-droplet spatially resolved measurements. Under constant humidity conditions, the spatially resolved Raman signals of ammonium sulfate microdroplets were measured and identified via WGM modes calculations, yielding precise values for the microdroplet radius and refractive index. A series of WGMs ( P n l ) assigned and with different polarizations ( P =TE and P =TM), mode numbers ( n ), and mode orders ( l ) were analyzed in terms of their frequencies, linewidths, and intensity distributions. The influence of laser power on spatially resolved droplet observations was discussed. By fitting the stimulated Raman signals, a spatial resolution of approximately 0.80 μm and a spectral resolution of 1.40 cm-1 were achieved. These results demonstrate that the self-developed Optwee 100 system exhibits excellent performance in spatially resolved Raman spectroscopy and serves as a powerful experimental platform for high-resolution Raman measurements of levitated single microdroplets.
  • The Error of Film Thickness Determined by Bragg’s Law and Its Correction Strategy
    PENG He, LINYuangui, LIU Zhiyuan, GUO Jian , ZHANGQiuping, XU Ming
    Chinese Journal of Light Scattering. 2026, 38(1): 240-245. https://doi.org/10.13883/j.issn1004-5929.202601025
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  • A Fast Classification Method for Raman Spectroscopy Organization by Integrating Random Forest
    WEI Yan, WANG Yaoqiang, ZHANG Jingchao
    Chinese Journal of Light Scattering. 2026, 38(1): 246-252. https://doi.org/10.13883/j.issn1004-5929.202601026
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    The online diagnosis of live visceral tissue is of great significance and value in identifying and warning abnormal cells (cancerous cells, etc.), and the fiber Raman spectroscopy technology for online diagnosis of various visceral tissue cells urgently needs further research. This article attempts to achieve Raman spectroscopy detection of various biological visceral tissues based on split fiber Raman spectroscopy technology. Nondestructive detection studies were conducted on live pig hearts, livers, large intestines, muscles, and other visceral or tissue tissues, exploring the differences in Raman spectral characteristic peaks of different biological tissues and verifying the chemical information of cells and their internal components characterized by this technology. Based on the random forest algorithm, fiber Raman spectroscopy was used to identify different visceral tissue cells, providing a feasible reference for early diagnosis of cancer cells in the future. The label-free detection advantage meets fiber Raman spectroscopy’s online and real-time monitoring application scenarios. Therefore, fiber Raman spectroscopy identifies and monitors the physiological status of different types of cells, and this research work provides guidance for future non-invasive or minimally invasive in vivo online diagnostic technologies.
  • Quantitative Analysis of Dissolved Furfural in Transformer Oil by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Based on Variable Screening Partial Least Squares Method
    LI Yongqun, WANG Dequan, WU Shaowu
    Chinese Journal of Light Scattering. 2026, 38(1): 253-259. https://doi.org/10.13883/j.issn1004-5929.202601027
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    In the detection of furfural dissolved in transformer oil, the quantitative analysis of furfural concentration is a crucial indicator for evaluating the aging state of transformer insulation paper. This paper proposes a quantitative analysis method based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) combined with partial least squares (PLS) regression with variable selection to enhance the accuracy and stability of the model. Since SERS data often contain a significant amount of noise and redundant information, variable selection techniques are applied before PLS regression to select features closely related to furfural concentration, effectively reducing interference from irrelevant variables. The performance of three variable selection methods is uninformative variable elimination partial least squares (UVE-PLS), genetic algorithm partial least squares (GA-PLS), and compared: competitive adaptive reweighted sampling partial least squares (CARS-PLS). The results show that the CARS-PLS method performs the best in terms of model fitting accuracy and stability, with a root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) reduced to 0.5210, a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) as low as 0.1096, and significantly improved calibration and prediction correlation coefficients ( R 2 C =0.9962, R 2 P =0.9935). In comparison, the traditional PLS method, without variable selection, is more susceptible to noise and redundant information, leading to poor model performance. Although the GA-PLS and UVE-PLS methods improve model performance, their effects are still inferior to CARS-PLS. Therefore, the CARS-PLS method demonstrates the best performance in detecting furfural dissolved in transformer oil and has high application value.
  • Operando UV-Raman Spectroscopic Tracking of the Full-Process Evolution during Methanol Conversion over SAPO-34
    JIANG Zixiao, HAN Jingfeng, WEI Yingxu, LIU Zhongmin
    Chinese Journal of Light Scattering. 2026, 38(1): 260-268. https://doi.org/10.13883/j.issn1004-5929.202601028
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    SAPO-34; Methanol-to-Olefins (MTO);  Operando ; UV-Raman spectroscopy; Coke

     

  • Rapid Detection and Quantitative Analysis of Sports Nutrient (Whey Protein) Doping Based on Raman Spectroscopy
    LI Jie, ZHANG Bo
    Chinese Journal of Light Scattering. 2026, 38(1): 269-278. https://doi.org/10.13883/j.issn1004-5929.202601029
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    The contamination of sports protein powder poses a serious threat to consumer health, and traditional detection methods are cumbersome and time-consuming. The aim of this study is to establish a method based on Raman spectroscopy combined with chemometrics to achieve rapid, non-destructive qualitative identification and accurate quantitative analysis of typical dopants in sports protein powder. Collect Raman spectra of pure whey protein and mixed samples doped with different concentrations of soy protein powder. The original spectra were preprocessed using techniques such as multiple scattering correction (MSC) and the Savitzky-Golay smoothing derivative method to eliminate fluorescence background and noise interference. Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for clustering, dimensionality reduction, and feature extraction of samples, establish a discriminative model based on PCA and the K-nearest neighbor classification algorithm. Furthermore, based on the Osprey optimization algorithm (OOA), the Backpropagation Neural Network (BPNN) algorithm was optimized to construct a quantitative prediction model for dopants. The model’s performance was evaluated using metrics such as the Coefficient of Determination ( R 2) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The qualitative analysis results indicate that the model can effectively distinguish between pure and mixed whey protein powders, achieving a discrimination accuracy of up to 98.5%. The quantitative analysis results show that the OOA-BPNN model has good predictive performance for the concentration of soybean protein powder in the test set, with R 2 values greater than 0.9873 and RMSE values less than 10.89, indicating excellent predictive accuracy and reliability of the model. This study confirms that Raman spectroscopy combined with chemometrics is an efficient and accurate analytical method that can achieve rapid screening and quantitative detection of protein powder doping without complex preprocessing, providing strong technical support for on-site monitoring of the quality and safety of sports nutrition agents.
  • Research on the Detection Model for Olive Oil Falsification Using Raman Spectroscopy Combined with Machine Learning
    ZHAO Hairu, YANG Jingjing, YANG Bo, YAN Chunrong, HUANG Ming
    Chinese Journal of Light Scattering. 2026, 38(1): 279-287. https://doi.org/10.13883/j.issn1004-5929.202601030
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    Olive oil is favored by consumers because of its rich nutritional value and multiple health benefits. However, due to its high production cost, counterfeiting occurs frequently in the market, seriously damaging consumers' rights. Therefore, it is important to develop a rapid, non-destructive and accurate detection method for identifying adulteration of olive oil. This paper establishes a Raman spectroscopy detection dataset of olive oil adulteration, and constructs classification models for adulterated olive oil with six machine learning algorithms. Firstly, the extra virgin olive oil and rapeseed oil were mixed in a concentration gradient of 10% to prepare samples of different concentrations, and the Raman spectroscopy data of all types of oil products were collected. Then, the Raman spectral data were preprocessed by using SG filtering and z-score normalization, and dimensionality reduction was performed using principal component analysis. Finally, Support Vector Machine, K-Nearest Neighbor, Decision Tree, Random Forest, Logistic Regression Classification and Naive Bayes algorithm were respectively used to train and predict the data and evaluate the models. The experimental results show that Support Vector Machine has the best recognition effect, with the accuracy, precision, recall rate and F1 score on the test set all almost 97.2%. At the same time, it has a low root mean square error and a high coefficient among all models. This paper provides a rapid method for detection of adulteration in olive oil, and it has potential application value for food quality and safety testing.
  • Research on Quality Analysis of Pinghuo Tea Standardized Decoction Based on FT-IR Combined with Chemical Pattern Recognition
    YAN Zimei, ZHAO Xinmei, SHEN Yaofei, SU Chengfu., WANG Ruisheng, WANG Fangyuan, LI Jingyi, YANG Chunjing, LEI Jingwei,
    Chinese Journal of Light Scattering. 2026, 38(1): 288-298. https://doi.org/10.13883/j.issn1004-5929.202601031
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    To establish an infrared fingerprint spectrum of Pinghuo Tea standardized decoction, providing a reference for its infrared spectral quality standards.This study prepared 15 batches of standard decoctions of Pinghuo Tea and used a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer to collect the infrared spectra of the samples. The original spectra were then standardized for processing, resulting in relative peak heights.Spectral data were analyzed and evaluated using cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA), and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA).The experimental results show that infrared fingerprint spectra were established for 15 batches of Pinghuo Tea standard decoction, with a total of 20 common peaks identified.HCA results indicate that when the intergroup distance is 15, the data can be clustered into two groups: S1~S6 and S12 form one cluster, while S7~S11 and S13~S15 form another. This suggests that there are certain internal quality differences among Pinghuo Tea standard decoction from different batches.The results of HCA and PCA were consistent. Principal component analysis extracted three principal components. OPLS-DA analysis, based on the criterion of VIP>1, selected 8 bands, namely 1262 cm-1, 1419 cm-1, 1675 cm-1, 1617 cm-1, 1461 cm-1, 1733 cm-1, 2931 cm-1, and 2885 cm-1. These eight bands are likely the primary factors causing quality variations in the standardized decoctions of the 15 batches of Pinghuo Tea.The infrared fingerprinting method for standard decoction of Pinghuo tea established in this experiment is simple and has high accuracy. It can be applied for infrared identification and quality analysis of Pinghuo Tea, providing valuable reference for quality control and evaluation of this tea.
  • Detection of Adulteration Concentration in Grape Seed Oil Using Sammon Mapping Combined with Extreme Learning Machine Empowered Visible Differential Spectroscopy
    WANG Xu , REN Xiaoge
    Chinese Journal of Light Scattering. 2026, 38(1): 299-306. https://doi.org/10.13883/j.issn1004-5929.202601032
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    Sammon Mapping; Extreme learning machine; Visible transmission spectroscopy; Soybean oil; Grape seed oil
  • Discrimination and Analysis of 10 Apple Varieties Using ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy Combined with Second Derivative Preprocessing, CNN and CNN-LSTM Models
    MA Dian-xu, CAI Yan, YANG Hai-tao, SHAN Chang-ji, DU Guo-fang, LI Zhangyan, SHAN Yuqiong, CHEN jiu-fu
    Chinese Journal of Light Scattering. 2026, 38(1): 307-314. https://doi.org/10.13883/j.issn1004-5929.202601033
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    This study employed Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and second derivative spectroscopy for the analysis of 10 apple varieties, complemented by Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and its hybrid with Long Short-Term Memory Network (CNN-LSTM) for discrimination. In the FTIR spectra of the 10 apple varieties, strong absorption was observed in the ranges of 3500~2850 cm-1, 1650~1400 cm-1, and 1200~900 cm-1, indicating that apples are rich in carbohydrates, vitamins, amino acids, lipids, organic acids, phenols, and flavonoids. Notably, in the fingerprint region of 1200~900 cm-1, variations in the contents of carbohydrates, pectin, and other components were observed among different apple varieties. Second derivative spectral analysis was performed on the 1200~900 cm-1 fingerprint region. In the second derivative spectra, differences in chemical composition among different apple varieties could be identified. Based on the changes in peak positions and shapes, the Yellow Delicious varieties from Gansu and Xinjiang could be effectively distinguished, and the structural characteristics of different lines of Red Fuji and Qinguan could also be differentiated. This study provides a reliable fingerprint basis for quality control and traceability identification of apples. Further CNN analysis was performed on 329 spectra of 10 apple varieties. A stratified sampling method and K-fold cross-validation were used to divide the spectral data of each variety into a training set and a prediction set at a ratio of 7:3. After a certain number of iterations and training, the CNN model achieved an optimal state with 100% classification accuracy on the training set. Then, the spectra of 66 samples were predicted, and the accuracy in the CNN analysis was 86.4%. To improve the model accuracy, a hybrid CNN-LSTM model combining CNN and LSTM was further applied for discrimination, which increased the accuracy to 90.9%. Both models exhibited excellent classification accuracy. Therefore, the analytical methods of ATR-FTIR, second derivative spectroscopy, CNN, and CNN-LSTM neural networks complement each other in apple analysis and discrimination research, enabling accurate classification of apples. Moreover, this methodological framework can be extended to the classification and discrimination analysis of other substances.
  • Combined LIBS Technology Based on LightGBM Algorithm to Detect Heavy Metal Pollution in Sports Equipment
    YANG Cuilan, NIE Xiaoyan, ZHAO Siyang, ZHU Guangqian
    Chinese Journal of Light Scattering. 2026, 38(1): 315-322. https://doi.org/10.13883/j.issn1004-5929.202601034
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    With increasing attention to health and environmental protection, the issue of heavy metal contamination in sports equipment has garnered significant concern. Heavy metals pose a threat to human health and may also result in long-term impacts on the environment. To effectively detect heavy metal pollution in sports equipment, this paper proposes a detection method based on the integration of the LightGBM algorithm and LIBS (Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) technology. This method aims to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of heavy metal detection. The quantitative precision of LIBS is influenced by chemical matrix effects; to address this limitation, wavelet algorithms, and covariance are introduced in this paper for data processing and feature extraction. After preprocessing LIBS spectral data and extracting key features, a model correlating heavy metal content with spectral features is established using LightGBM. This model effectively reduces the impact of noise on detection results while improving the accuracy of heavy metal content prediction. In the experimental section, various sports equipment samples were selected, and their spectral data was obtained through LIBS technology before being analyzed using the LightGBM algorithm. Experimental results demonstrated that the LIBS-based detection method integrated with LightGBM exhibited outstanding performance in predicting heavy metal content, outperforming traditional methods in accuracy and robustness. In summary, the proposed method combining the LightGBM algorithm with LIBS technology provides an innovative solution for detecting heavy metal contamination in sports equipment, offering significant application value and promising prospects. Future research could explore its potential applications in other fields to promote environmental safety and public health.
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